Defining Wal-Mart

Defining Wal-Mart Wal-Mart is able to deliver their customers a quality product at low prices. Wal-Mart does this by being efficient. This efficiency shows how they are able to acquire goods from all over the world, and get them to stores, which in turn, are also all over the world. Only through a flawless logistical system is this ability able to send products to any location at a moments notice. Wal-Mart's effective logistical system lies in the flexibility it has when choosing suppliers. Wal-Mart will only pay the most competitive prices when negotiating with suppliers, and those suppliers know that. It would be simple for Wal-Mart to find a different supplier of a particular item with a lower price. This gives Wal-Mart a great amount of leeway when handling suppliers. Should a particular supplier know Wal-Mart has found a lower price, it will lower its own price accordingly. They know that Wal-Mart's logistical system can handle transition seamlessly and therefore they gain nothing by refusing to reduce their prices.English: Supermercado de Wal-Mart in Spring Branch...Another factor which allows Wal-Mart such low prices is that they buy in such large quantities that transportation from one end of the supply chain to another is not as costly for additional units. Wal-Mart buys in such quantities that they have the luxury of using bigger trucks which use less fuel to move their goods back and forth. Also, if they must resort to using shipping services to transport their items from one place to another, Wal-Mart will give them so much business they earn huge discounts. Wal-Mart is able to offer items much cheaper than competitors because their logistical system is so effective, and the reason it is so stems from its flexibility (Simchi-Levi, 2008). All of these elements together give a great deal of added value to the...

The Impact Of Tourism In Malaysian Society Tourism Essay Example

The Impact Of Tourism In Malaysian Society Tourism Essay Example The Impact Of Tourism In Malaysian Society Tourism Essay The Impact Of Tourism In Malaysian Society Tourism Essay Malaysia has invested in a broad scope of touristry finishs for tourers. This state is blessed with diverse civilizations. traditions and histories. coupled with different landscapes and natural resources ; the state has built a strong and absorbing entreaty for both local and international tourers. Tourism sector. therefore. is of great importance to Malaysia’s economic system as one of the major foreign exchange gross or net incomes 2nd to the fabrication industry. Introduction Malaysia is a state situated in the Southeast Asia crossing from about 1?N to 6?45?N latitude and 99?36?E to 104?24?E longitude. dwelling of 13 provinces and three Federal Territories. with a land mass of about 329. 845 square kilometers ( 127. 354 sq myocardial infarction ) . The state is divided into two parts: Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysia Borneo also known as East Malaysia by the South China Sea. Malaya gained its independency on 31st August. 1957. It is surrounded by many states in Southeast Asia such as: Siam in the North. Singapore in the South and Philippines in the north-east. Dutch east indies in the south and south-west. Malaysia has a long coastline in the Peninsular Malaysia. It borders the Strait of Malacca. which is an of import international transportation cross-path. and contributes positively in the development of international trade which forms an built-in portion to its economic system. Malaysia is bio-diversified with scope of vegetations and zoologies. with picturesque coastal fields lifting to the hills and mountains. These pudding stone scenic natural beauty along with a diverseness of civilizations. races and ethnicity contributes vastly to the development of Malaysia. Tourism investing was endorsed by Malayan authorities in the early 90s and it was projected to go one of the chief stay of Malaysia’s economic system by lending to her income gross by a humongous 85 % growing in the twenty-first century. Malaysia has grown over the old ages to be one of the biggest participants in touristry. Just like other developed and developing states. Malaysia has invested to a great extent in touristry. which has grown to be among the universe category and as a consequence touristry has become one of the major gross for nation’s wealth. The tendency form and economic impact of Malaysia’s touristry sector Following the full indorsement of touristry by Malayan authorities. full graduated table analysis was conducted to see how they can tackle the profusion of natural resources and bio-diversified nature of the Malayan environments. There are assorted facets that contribute to the Malayan touristry industry. which is the amalgam of: nature. heritage. civilization. diverse races. tradition and spiritual diverseness. installations and its activities. ( Peters R. F ) stated that based on Malaysia’s strong natural characteristics of outstanding scenery. natural environments and alone life beings. nature touristry. a sub-sector of touristry. is a chance to be capitalized on further. Based on the turning involvement cultural/heritage touristry and planetary inflow of tourers in Penang and Malacca has improved the range of touristry in Malaysia without sabotaging every landscape of tourer attractive force site. In the early 90’s. Nature touristry was besides considered to be a comparatively sub-sector of touristry that was lending up to 7 % to 15 % of the overall industry and was expected to turn up to 50 % by twentieth century. The touristry industry has grown over the old ages from origin to this present twenty-four hours by a humongous 75 % growing. In 1990s the sector contributes merely 7 % to 15 % to the economic system of this state ( Hill. 1994 ; Pleumarom. 1997 ) . ( Fdi Tourism Industry in Malaysia ) reveals that the touristry industry reported an increasing tendency from 2000 to 2005. They farther anticipated that the Tourist reachings are expected to turn at an mean rate of 6. 9 per cent per annum to make 14. 3 million by 2005. Tourism grosss are targeted to turn at an mean one-year rate of 9. 5 per cent to make RM 29. 5 billion in 2005 says ( FDi Tourism in Malaysia ) . In 2010 at the touristry finish conference. touristry has now taken a prima place in National cardinal economic countries ( NKEAs ) . The touristry sector being a strong subscriber is merely non a new determination as its part has received widespread acknowledgment in the state. ( The touristry finish conference for 2010 ) reveals that the touristry reception for 2009 was at RM 53. 367. 7 million. with 23. 65 million tourer reachings. doing this industry the 2nd largest income earner for the state in the same twelvemonth and though these figures are commendable. it is said that the local touristry sector has non been exploited to its potential’ ( Y. B. Dato’ Sri Mohd Najib. 3rd March 2010 ) . In 2009. Malaya made it into top 10 most visited states in the universe. and was confidently placed in the 9th place below Meleagris gallopavo and Germany. This comment shows that Malaysia’s touristry sector has pulled international acknowledgment and has gained force of attractive force that draws the attending of tourers all around the continents of the universe to take Malaysia as their touristry finish. Social impact of the touristry industry The societal impact of touristry in Malaysia is unerasable and will prolong a universe record in the nearest hereafter. In a state with a diverse nationality. diverse race. civilization and faith. it has proven to me that understanding. tolerance and credence are portion of the key values that is maintaining Malaysia at the top among the top tourer finish states in the universe today. The originators behind the success of the touristry sector and the presiding organic structure over the full state have grown beyond looking at inequalities in faith. societal position. race. nationality and concentrate on how they can tackle these differences to draw greater force by change overing these differences into wealth. acknowledgment and success. Malaysia being an Islamic state could hold created a more negative societal impact on the thrust for universe best touristry zone based on the regulations and basicss of the Islamic religion. but in the face of the universe. Malaysia hit a solid discovery in suiting the full universe regardless of their religion or background to establish a new face of dynamic leading in touristry and still maintaining their religions intact without defect. Broad heads at the helm of personal businesss in Malaysia. who are blessed with a strong thrust to do her citizens to stand for values that promote oneness such as tolerance. regard. honor. truth and justness. Capitalizing on the strength of beauties all around the metropoliss down to the rural communities has bridge the spread of alteration to societal interaction within and to the full universe. The flexibleness in authorities policies to do Malaysia an international meeting land for all nationalities in the universe has made Malaysia to derive a vivacious base to better societal interaction for tourer chances. The coming of touristry in Malaysia initiated the demand for substructures which is continually fulfilled as demand arises. The societal impact of touristry has improved the basic life criterion for tourers and locals. which has grown enormously and in return has influenced the manner of life of the dweller of Malaysia. The touristry industry is fragmented in nature. It consists of little stockholders working in different touristry concern country. including: housing. nutrient. travel and leisure said by ( Mostafa N. Mehran N ) . The betterment and cooperation contributed by the stakeholders has a holistic attack to the full construction and lack from any sector of the stockholders will destroy and botch the good experience that the tourers would hold experienced. The societal impact could be felt in other countries within the state: such as the proviso of assorted flexible. low-cost and assessable manner of pilotage within Malaysia and a good route map that provide readily made information about route pilotage. The farther betterment on this country is internet handiness of route webs through ( GPS ) Global placement system. Understanding the Potentials of Cultural and Heritage Tourism Coupled with the Malaysia’s enormous growing in touristry. cultural/heritage is emerging in the categorical touristry sub-sector as a possible signifier of alternate touristry for both domestic travelers every bit good as international tourers. ( Prof Badaruddin M ) stated that cultural touristry in Malaysia attracted great promotions with addition in the figure of incoming tourers yearly. Malaysia is rich in cultural touristry resources that has over the old ages been abandoned but they have eventually been realised through cooperate attempt of the stockholders and the stakeholders in the industry. Examples of impressive cultural touristry resources available in Malaysia are the being of historical edifices. colorful life styles. multi-cultural and friendly ambiance. Giving these facets a governmental engagement publicity every bit good as related schemes and policies that will back up the growing more than what is presently assessable will hike the touristry sector further. Heritage and civilization in touristry is really of import facet in this industry as it showcase the values embedded and the values in the hereditary lifestyle leftovers and the alteration in life style over the old ages. ( Badaruddin M ) farther highlighted that the relationship between touristry and civilization can take signifiers and the consequence can be viewed negatively and positively when meeting of hosts and visitants occurs and perchance leads to transmutation of the hosts’ civilization. Example of this possibly can be drawn from the civilization of the western universe and the Arabs. Over the old ages. the citizens from Arab states have been going to Europe for touristry and many have migrated for exposure into the glamor of the West but because of certain believe and civilization that prohibits some of the life style in the West has resulted in clang of involvement between few progressive and cardinal peoples. World Tourism Organization ( 1985 ) defines cultural touristry as the motions of individuals for basically culturally motive such as survey Tourss. executing humanistic disciplines and cultural Tourss ; travel to festivals and other related events. And civilization is farther defined from the ( National Assembly of State Arts Agencies. 2005 ) position to be based on mosaic of topographic points. traditions. art signifiers. jubilations and experiences that portray 1s state and its people. Culture is defined as quoted in Meethan ( 2001:117 ) as a set of patterns. based on signifier of cognition. which encapsulate common values and act as general guiding rules. It is through these signifiers of cognition that differentiations are created and maintained. so that for illustration. one civilization is marked off different from another . Heritage touristry could be a subtype of cultural touristry. These two categories of touristry has become a adult section of the touristry market topographic point in Malaysia. This facet has appeared to hold been extremely motivated for different grounds than traditional touristry. The civilization and heritage has over the old ages attracted the attending of the tourer stockholders and has grown to go a immense market topographic point. Malaya does non incorporate a unitary civilization but it could be perceived to be diverse in world because of the racial differences. Malaya is made up of three nationalities: Malayans. who are said to be the first and original dweller of this land has the largest population of 50 % . the Chinese are said to hold migrated into this state in the early twentieth century for concern and became really relevant subscriber to the state constructing through their impact in successful trade and the battle for independency. The Chinese are said to take 30 % portion of the population of Malaysia. and eventually the Indians who besides migrated into this state in the early yearss of colonial epoch take 20 % portion of the population. These three races have differences in civilization that is doing Malaysia to hold a major discovery in touristry as the stockholders in this sector have harness the cultural difference to convey about beauty and wealth into this land alternatively of pandemonium. This cultural plangency has been manifested and successful through the promotional slogan thrust Malaysia Truly Asia and the current motto that is moving as a accelerator to the integrity and growing of the state in touristry. which is 1 Malaysia . Malaya is besides known for its typical multicultural architecture with strong Islamic. Chinese. Indian and western influences ; which have been portrayed in the heritage edifices. Malaysia’s heritage elements for touristry are: historic sites. alone local civilizations and historic edifices are common in many historic provinces and metropoliss in Malaysia. The stock list of heritage edifices reveals that over 30. 000 heritage edifices are located in 162 metropoliss throughout the state said ( Idid. 1996 ) this figure shows that 69. 6 % of this heritage edifices are shop houses that are built before World War II. These edifices have contributed their quota to the success of the touristry industry in Malaysia whereby the alone colonial architectural manners of edifices is playing a major function in the creative activity of historic provinces and metropolis such as: Ipoh. Kuala Lumpur. Kuching. George Town and Taiping. In order to prolong these edifices and to do them deserving much roots by pretermiting the negative impact of the past into a gross for more fiscal income that will hike the economic system of the state. the nutriment and direction of these civilization and heritage edifices was placed under the Ministry of Tourism and civilization. uniting section of Culture from Ministry of Culture. Young persons and Sports with the Malayan Tourism Department Corporation from the ministry of Trade and Industries. but the ministry was subsequently renamed into ministry of civilization. Humanistic disciplines and Tourism and besides subsequently dualised into two dividers such Ministry of touristry and Ministry of Culture. Humanistic disciplines and Heritage ( Kraftangan Malayisa ) . This structural accommodation has a great consequence on the concentration and duties of each section without softening responsibilities and duties. Some of the bureaus placed under this ministry are: National Art and Gallery. Department of Museum and Antiquities. Malayan Handicrafts. national Archives. National Art academy. national library and the Culture Palace including the National Film Development Corporation ( Finas ) . Reports shows that this gesture was carried out to beef up the ministries but might hold an impact on the focal point of cultural and heritage touristry in the nearest hereafter. Challenges and Issues facing Culture/Heritage touristry There is no uncertainty that rapid growing in Malayan touristry has relied to a great extent on the country’s natural heritage including the many offshore islands along both the western and eastern coastlines of the peninsula. together with protected nature militias. Promoting heritage and civilization is confronting several implicit in issues in Malaysia that are comparatively complex to the society life in Malaysia. Some of the issues cut across so many countries such as: Whose civilization is to be promoted? Though Malaysia is proud of being a multicultural society that is continually promoted on the media as 1-Malaysia and Truly Asia . the inquiry at the head of this media slogan call is that whose civilization should be promoted? The Chinese and Indians society are experiencing marginalised that their civilizations are non good promoted in the touristry prospectus provided by the authorities. which has been a major concern for the other parties as their civilization are thrown behind the media forepart. Similar issue of call was besides raised by the Malays in Penang and Malacca during the nomination procedure for the listing of Penang and Malacca into the universe heritage metropolis. This cultural group believes that the listings do non favor them and the island’s Malay history is non giving consideration in this regard. They felt that the listing of the 12000 heritage edifices were colonial edifices and the Malays therefore calls it a new colonisation of the state. keening on why their colonial yesteryear has to be glorified by their authorities. Authentic versus Staged Culture by ( Prof Badaruddin M ) Tourism in Malaysia has been transformed to go a important factor in the development of civilization and heritage in two ways: as a support and as a menace. Culture has the potency of back uping or suppressing the growing of touristry. There has so far been no specific effort to analyze the value of cultural attractive forces from the point of position of the tourers. Tourism governments and promotional advisers merely assume that the cultural elements of a plural society are attractive. Further inquiries can be raised as to whether it is the staged culture’ or the street culture’ that is more appealing to foreigners. Harmonizing to Kadir Din ( 1997 ) . street culture’ depicts the scenes of mundane life that can be readily observed by tourers in their natural scene. as opposed to staged culture’ which refers to plan staged presentations. which are specifically prepared for the tourer. Not until late does Malaysia began to recognize the values embedded in the importance of heritage touristry because of the inflow of tourers into the state for cultural heritage visit and how it has generated significant income for he state. Malaysia has long old ages of association with imperial states such as Portugal. Japan. and Britain. From findings Malaysia is said to possess two major natural universe heritage sites in Kinabalu Park and Gunung Mulu National Park. Kadir Din ( 1997 ) concludes that in footings of authorities allotments of financess for touristry. and of coverage by the promotional media. at that place seems to be a belief that staged civilization contributes more to tourism than street civilization. As mentioned above. the nomination of Penang and Melaka includes the preservation of cultural elements of the society. However. with so much force per unit area and development that have taken topographic point. one may inquire how this society can conserve its cultural elements to stay reliable. We may besides inquire whether what is left is still reliable? A similar remark can be made on the theatrical production of the monolithic festival of Citrawarna’ . A cultural parade of assorted cultural groups in Malaysia. Possibly copying the success of the Samba Festival in Brazil or the New Orleans Parade or possibly the Gion Matsuri ( festival ) in Kyoto Japan. the Citrawarna Malaysia has a batch of colorss but lack genuineness and besides history! Safety and security for touristry in Malaya Malaysia as a touristry finish for 1000000s of people around the universe. one of the greatest concerns for tourer is the issue of safety and security. Although Malaysia has suffered from several other lesser crises including economic crises amongst others. with touristry progressively threatened by international terrorist act such as terrorist act aiming tourers in Indonesia. Mombasa. Kenya in October 2002 severally. and Bombay in India. and in the Philippines. which is continuously presenting greater challenges. concerns and frights towards sustainability of touristry in Asia. Another major recent bad lucks that will increase the frights of tourer taking Malaysia as their tourer finish is the instance of spiritual crisis that emanated from the statement between the Catholic Church and the Islamic fundamentalist in Malaysia that resulted into the arson onslaught against some churches in some major metropoliss in Malaysia. Religion being a sensitive countries and has been used by some spiritual fundamentalists of different religion to jump up political and economic crisis around the Earth might direct a incorrect signal to tourers who have chosen this portion of the universe as their tourer finish. I have lived in Malaysia for academic activities and. I can attest positively to the rate of credence of aliens by the locals. the peaceable co-existence among the frogmans cultural groups in Malaysia. I can attest to the security step by the authorities through the constabulary and other jurisprudence enforcement bureaus. I can attest to ocular security camera engineering festooned around the main roads and sensitive countries around Malaysia to control offenses and bad lucks and to guarantee safety and security of life and belongingss. I can attest to the uninterrupted and foolproof communicating systems available around the nooks and crevice of Malaysia for faster communicating and study bringing. these and more are one of the fastnesss of Malaysia to supply equal security steps to guarantee safety for tourers. Crisis direction is one the anchor of tourer finishs and it has been a recognised construct since 1962 during the Cuban missile crisis. Crisis direction is good established in developed states than developing states but Malaysia being driven by finding for competition with developed states can non be underestimated when it comes to crisis direction. Malaysia recognises what it means to be recognised as the preferable location for tourists’ finish and they are populating up to and transcending the outlooks of their visitants. I have no concern inquiring excessively many inquiries on how they have been able to get the better of the challenges of crisis direction as I bumped into to pre-crisis analysis on Safety and security in touristry: relationships. direction. and selling ( By Colin Michael Hall. Dallen J. Timothy. and David Timothy Duval ) . which reveals how crisis direction can be better improved by through pre-crisis analysis. Malaya has history of crisis that can be learnt from but non every bit much in footings of international touristry. Lessons can be derived from crisis history of other state and the challenges they face and how they were able to get the better of these challenges. United States of America. United Kingdom. and Australia among others are the states that Malaysia has derived lessons from when it comes to crisis direction to further their touristry concern. Both the preparation and rating of a crisis direction program may be a beginning of trouble particularly in touristry given the disconnected nature of the industry. Testimonies gathered from people around the universe who have chosen Malaysia as their tourer finish have had cause to come over and over once more based on the delicious experience encountered in their old visit. Reports on the growing of tourers each twelvemonth from 2000 to day of the month has shown enormous addition in the concern of touristry in Malaysia. The negative economic impacts of touristry There are different factors that pose negative economic impacts on touristry. in instance where tourers don’t esteem the traditions. civilization or local life manner of tourer finish. or seasonal occupations such as people are merely employed when there are merely high inflow of tourer. which can take to high rates of unemployment. moreover. occupations involved in the touristry industry are seasonal and non good paid. this can be really unsafe for states that has full become dependent on touristry as their chief beginning of gross. The attendant consequence of all these factors frequently leads to: Infrastructure and incidental cost Economic independency Escape And rising prices Infrastructure and incidental cost. this state of affairs could happen when there is record or reception of high degree of harm on substructures than the sum earn from tourer visits Economic dependance. if Malaysia finally entirely dependent on touristry may present danger to their economic system. this can do the touristry sector to alter nightlong because of the natural catastrophe. terrorist act. altering consumer gustatory sensation and economic recession in the beginning of the state. Leakage. if Malaysia becomes a victim of escape the high proportion of the money spent by tourers that leaves the state. Therefore. escape can hold major impact in 3 countries such as: Tourist purchase of goods and services that have been imported. Hotels and other touristry related concerns and organisation import goods/foods as the local merchandise are non available or non up to the needed criterions Net incomes are repatriated by foreign proprietors of hotels and other services. Inflation could spike up goods and services in general degree of monetary values or a autumn in the buying power of money. Therefore. touristry can increase the value or monetary value of land. edifice etc. Tourists’ perceptual experiences and outlooks on the service quality in Malaysia touristry industry Malaysia ranks 6th amongst the preferable finish for Chinese travelers after Macau. Hong Kong. Singapore. Korea and Thailand. as per a survey by Taylor Nelson Sofres ( TNS ) . a planetary market penetration and information group. From this statement one can infer that Malaysia still missing in some countries that can draw more forces than their rivals. The secret lies in dynamic nature of other Asiatic states that happened to hold drawn more clients than the other. This might a strong belief in the spiritual tenseness that pops up intermittently within the state and more so Malaysia can foster tackle all the untapped touristry resources that are yet to outgrown research countries. Decision Like its Asean neighbours. Malaysia excessively regards touristry as a really of import sector that brings the much-needed foreign exchange. new occupations and concerns. The positive societal economic impact on a tourer finish can non be stressed plenty as Gartner ( 1996. pp. 64 ) . the money brought into an country through the procedure of hosting tourers provides more economic returns than merely the amount of the outgos accruing to the few concerns that come in direct contact with tourers. The impact of touristry in a state benefits all sectors of an economic system as the benefits from all these sectors can besides still be used prolonging the development patterns of the host state. Tourism has over the old ages been good every bit good as harmful for local economic systems. The argument goes on that whether it is blight or a approval? Experiences of finish vary in this respect. However. yesteryear records have shown that if touristry is non developed and managed decently negative impacts will take over and kill the finish in the long tally. Necessitate an essay? You can purchase try aid from us today! Read more: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. ukessays. com/essays/tourism/the-impact-of-tourism-in-malaysian-society-tourism-essay. php # ixzz2iG9YI9kb

Optimal Cognitive Development With the Help of Play Research Paper

Optimal Cognitive Development With the Help of Play - Research Paper Example A potential example of learning according to Piaget’s theory is in a kindergarten classroom. It is noteworthy here that in the kindergarten classroom, children are in the preoperational stage in which, they are egocentric. When a teacher in the kindergarten classroom asks the students to discuss their activity when it snows outside, different children share different thoughts; some might say that they like to make snowmen while others might say that they like making snow angels. None of these responses can be regarded as incorrect because these responses are grounded in children’s personal experiences of being outside in the snow. Such a discussion in the kindergarten classroom helps the children visualize and realize different activities that can be performed out in the snow with the information provided by their fellow classmates. Children in the kindergarten classroom think that the only correct answer to the teacher’s question is theirs since they are egocent ric. It is extremely important to realize different ways of employing the theories of cognitive development. Teachers can use Piaget’s cognitive theory of play in the kindergarten classroom to help the students become master learners. Major components of Piaget’s theory of play will be evidenced in my classroom through the division of the classroom into different centres or sections, each for a different type of play, as well as one where different types of plays can be organized in combination. For example, children will be given musical instruments like pianos and guitars to play.

Role of Social Media in Customer Relationship Management Essay

Role of Social Media in Customer Relationship Management - Essay Example Along with that, this work explores the importance of using social media for its diverse objectives in business, event, and social context. In the context of an event, this study also explores London Mela festival (2014), and the way organizers used social media to manage the customer relationship. London Mela is Europes largest outdoor South Asian festival which consists of several live entertainments and traditional Asian culture activities. This research study explores the role of social media in customer relationship management with a reference to London Mela as an example of the event. Firstly, there is a need to understand the definition of relationship marketing. Grà ¶nroos (1994, cited in the Egan, 2001, p. 23) describes relationship management as â€Å"identify and establish, maintain and enhance and, when necessary, terminate relationships with customers and other stakeholders, at a profit so that the objectives of all parties involved are met, and this is done by mutual exchange and fulfilment of promises.† Thomas and Housden (2011) assert that the concept of relationship marketing is that customer must be influenced in a way that leads to his contentment. According to Chan and Guillet (2011), customer relationship management is a systematic approach to managing firms communication or interaction with current and future customers. However, it involves technological expertise in organizing and synchronizing sales, marketing, customer services and technical support. On the other hand, Masterman and Wood (2006) argue that Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is a management philosophy on the basis of which firms common goal can be achieved through identifying and satisfying customers defined and undefined needs and wants.  

CV Creation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

CV Creation - Essay Example r the new joiner to ensure a smooth transition into the company; coordinate with the Line departments and employees on employee separation to collate all company items to be returned by the employee prior to leaving and coordinate with the concerned to ensure all items are collected back to ensure a smooth employee exit process; compile and maintain updated files, records and databases related to department activities for record purposes and to ensure easy retrieval of the same; prepare relevant and timely reports for Manager review and highlight areas of concern for decision making and corrective actions; check the pantry inventory and ascertain adequate inventory stock by replenishing them timely to ensure employee satisfaction Arrange summer training/ internal ship program for UAE nationals in the company as per requirement from various educational institutions to ensure DPG’s commitment towards the society in developing UAE nationals; prepare relevant reports/statistics/surveys related to Junior Trainees in order to provide management information; identify suitable platforms like career fairs, universities etc to source potential UAE national candidates for the company to develop them for future roles Over sixty trainings arranged for internal staff (sales people, technical training, upper management, etc); coordinating with experienced external trainers from various training companies; responsible for writing weekly progress reports for submission to top management; keep an up to date filing system includes proper attendance sheets, certificate copies, feed back forms and training evaluation after each training session as an ongoing basis; prepare summary of training attendees based on the database provided by service team at the end of every month to know the progress of training programs; make sure that the training venues are booked according to the calendar and the training materials are readily available for each session Wrote periodic reports to

The Popularity of Mixed Martial Arts Essay Example for Free

The Popularity of Mixed Martial Arts Essay For many fight fans, the allure of Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) has surpassed a traditional boxing match in terms of action and excitement even though Mixed Martial Arts is nothing new. In a sense, all martial arts styles have guided us to the creation of what we now refer to as MMA. Along with this and for quite some time, possibly before history was ever documented, fighters of all levels and styles have been practicing and testing their skills. But with change in time, so did the sport in many aspects. Through the many years of evolution, Mixed Martial Arts is currently the most popular and the fastest growing sport in the world. Having started around 648 B. C. in Greece, the most primitive contact sports or martial arts with few rules or a â€Å"no-holds-barred† concept was called pankration, placing itself amongst the other sports in the Olympic games. (Rousseau) It was an aggressive sport, a combination of boxing and wrestling techniques. In the 1800s, â€Å"no-holds-barred† events occurred when wrestlers who represented various martial styles competed throughout Europe. â€Å"Merikan† fighting in the early 1900s, which featured boxing versus Jiu Jitsu masters. Bruce Lee was significant having influencing MMA as he conquered in boxing, karate, judo, and other styles and combined them to develop a form of fighting greater than any other. His contributions have not gone unnoticed, as Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) President Dana White has gone so far to call Lee, â€Å"the father of mixed martial arts. † (â€Å"Mixed Martial Arts Timeline†, 2007) With a new legion of fighters who train in various styles, the sport of MMA has greatly come together, to include the founding of the Ultimate Fighting Championship in 1993, which quickly became an overnight success. Mixed Martial Arts has â€Å"achieved a high level of popularity around the globe in recent years† thanks to the Ultimate Fighting Championship, especially being supported in Japan and the United States. With stars such as Chuck Liddell, Rampage Jackson, Randy Couture, Tito Ortiz, Rashad Evans, and Wanderlei Silva leading the way, the sport was venerable to a break through and achieved mainstream popularity. Regular coverage on ESPN and promotion in the pages of such popular publications has shown mixed martial arts continuing its spectacular rise having â€Å"surpassed boxing in popularity and poised for bigger and better things†. Megamass). Besides being a real show of entertainment, MMA is a sport of high-performance. As was the case with most martial arts at the time, fighters were typically skilled in just one discipline and had little practice when facing opponents with different skills. When the Ultimate Fighting Championship first started, there were few rules, no division of weight classes, time-sensitivity, or security equipment. For example, Keith â€Å"The Giant Killer† Hackney, with a 9† height difference and 400-pound weight difference, faced Emmanuel Yarborough at UFC 3. â€Å"UFC History†) Many martial artists held that having the skill could overcome such advantages, that a â€Å"skilled fighter could use an opponent’s size and strength against him. † (â€Å"UFC History†). It was quickly proved with the many defeats by 170-pound Royce Gracie that the outcome is not always determined by the size of a person. The UFC hit success on Pay-Per-View and home video almost instantaneously due to the originality, realism, and wide press coverage, even though not all of it was positive. The blood and brutality of the sport generated a loud and powerful backlash. The disposition of the rapidly increasing sport hastily brought attention to the authorities. UFC events were then banned in a number of States. In order to subsist, the UFC improved its cooperation and collaborated with the state athletic commissions and deliberated its rules to eliminate the less acceptable elements of fights, while preserving the core elements of striking and grappling. Weight classes were established, and gloves became mandatory. Then there was the introduction of restrictions on permissible striking areas, barring head butts, groin strikes, strikes to the back of the neck and head, kicks to an opponent who was down, small joint manipulation, pressure point strikes, and hair pulling. When the time limit of five-minute rounds was introduced, the UFC had become acknowledged as a sport rather than an act or spectacle. By 2001, the UFC â€Å"brand† had completely restructured Mixed Martial Arts into a highly systematic and controlled combat sport. With Mixed Martial Arts booming with popularity, training centers and dojos are filling up with new students everyday. Many of the professional fighters have opened gyms where they train the next generation of fighters to become the next champion. Amateur fight nights are organized all the time in order for the more novice fighters to work their way on getting recognized for a chance to go professional. Shows like Ultimate Fighter on Spike TV is an example of up and coming professional fighters training and fighting to win a chance at a professional contract with the Ultimate Fighting Championship. If not for the next championship title, many people fight for the fun nature of the sport. Combat sports, even now with the rules and regulations, is still and always will be a popular blood sport. The fans are intrigued to see strength and skills prevail in fights. Adrenaline runs through the roaring crowds as they cheer on their best contenders. From the days of the Coliseum to â€Å"the Octagon† at the Mandalay Bay in Las Vegas, Nevada, and the quick rise in gym openings and more live-aired Pay-Per-View events, Mixed Martial Arts has become a prominent commonplace in both the martial arts world and the entertainment industry.

Why Is There No Universally Accepted Accounting Theory?

Why Is There No Universally Accepted Accounting Theory? Abstract This paper discusses the statement: there is no universally accepted accounting theory. In addition, it offers some basic and historical background regarding accounting and discusses the different approaches to develop an accounting theory, before describing three common accounting theories. Finally, the reality of the above statement and the factors that confront a universal accounting theory are debated. Introduction Accounting is a very old science as it is strictly related to the first forms of trade in the old world. According to Belkaoui (1992: 22), the Committee on Terminology of American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) defines accounting as follows: Accounting is the art of recording, classifying and summarising in a significant manner and in terms of money, transactions and events which are in part at least, of a financial character, and interpreting the results thereof. Belkaoui (1992: 22) believes that such a definition is limited and a broader alternative is offered that defines accounting as: The process of identifying, measuring and communicating economic information to permit informed judgments and decisions by users of the information. Historical Background The history of accounting is of importance to those wishing to understand existing and future accounting practices. Historically, the first form of accounting practices was bookkeeping. Bookkeeping resulted from a need of ancient traders in Chaldean, Babylonian, Akkadian, and Assyrian civilizations (Belkaoui, 1992). Those ancient traders developed advanced trading practices to track their costs and incomes. This of course, led to record keeping as the best. Belkaoui states that the earliest known form of record keeping dates back to 3000 B.C. which was found in Old Irak (Belkaoui, 1992). Egyptian and Chinese civilisations also had old accounting practices for handling both treasury and other government accounts. In Greek civilisation, there was a famous accountant named Zenon. He managed the estates of Apollonius (a Greek minister of finance). Zenon was the first to introduce the first Responsibility Accounting System according to Belkaoui (1992). In the Roman civilisation, taxes and social classes were dependent on declared properties. As a result, taxpayers were supposed to submit clear financial statements. Of course, these factors enforced the existence of bookkeeping in the ancient world. During the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, a huge transition in accounting took place. Luca Pacioli introduced the Italian double-entry method. Later on, new methods were introduced to handle fixed assets (Belkaoui, 1992). According to Schroeder and Clarke (1998), between the years 1900 and 1973, several bodies were introduced to establish and improve financial accounting standards, practices, and reporting. These bodies included the American Institute of Accountants (AIA) which was established in 1916.Then, in 1934, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) was established. In 1937, the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) was formed as a result of a merger between the AIA and the American Society of Certified Public Accountants(Schroeder and Clarke, 1998). Accounting Theory A theory in its simplest form is an explanation of a certain phenomena, a set of observations. The theory can be understood as a generalisation used to organise data into meaningful information. Glautier and Underdown (1991) argue that theories are supposed to be concerned with the explanation of a set of observations. Also, they argue that relating an existing theory to a set of observations or coming up with a theory that relates to a set of observations is essentially having the same objective which is providing an explanation to these observations. Need for an Accounting Theory Webster define a theory as a systematic statement of principles. Also, it gives a more detailed definition: A formulation of apparent relationships or underlying principles of certain observed phenomena which has been systematically accumulated, organised, and verified well enough to provide a frame of reference for future actions (Schroeder, Richard et al., 1998:1). The second definition gives some reason for the need of an accounting theory. These reasons include organising accounting practices and handling future changes. Of course, a theory can be applied into practical areas of interest. An accounting theory makes it easier to understand accounting in a professional way. Developing Accounting Theory: Approaches and Methods An accounting theory should provide accountants with guidelines for how to represent a summary of financial data for activities during a year. Of course, this information should be useful to people who are going to use it in making decisions and judgments. Glautier and Underdown (1991) list three common approaches that have been used to develop accounting theory previously. These approaches are: Descriptive Approach Decision Usefulness Approach Welfare Approach They classified the Decision Usefulness Approach into two types: empirical and normative (Glautier and Underdown, 1991). On the other hand, there have been several approaches to develop accounting theory. These approaches make use of other classical methods of reasoning such as the ethical, sociological and economic approaches. The descriptive approach developed theories that are concerned with what accountants should do. Descriptive theories use induction. Usually, inductive reasoning will begin by making enough observations by looking at similar instances and practices before drawing a generalised conclusion. Glautier and Underdown (1991) state that the descriptive approach has attempted to relate the accounting practices of accountants to a generalised accounting theory. Usually, descriptive approaches lead to descriptive or positive theories. These theories are concerned with existing accountants practices. Descriptive theories explain those practices and make it possible to predict future behaviours. Glautier and Underdown (1991) offer a useful example with regards to such predictions. By applying the descriptive theory, one can easily predict that the receipt of cash will be entered in the debit side of a cash book. The Decision Usefulness Approach resulted from the great interest in behavioural researches in accounting during the 1970s (Glautier and Underdown, 1991). This type of approach resulted into two main theories: Empirical and Normative theories. The Empirical theory resulted from the increase in empirical research in accounting. The objective of such research was to have reliable results that would positively influence decision making. This objective forced the use of advanced statistical techniques. The increase in university accounting courses resulted in a great number of students that were capable of carrying out advanced and sophisticated quantitative research. On the other hand, the Normative Theory concentrates on which decision models should be selected by decision makers in order to make logical decisions. The third approach mentioned by Glautier and Underdown (1991) is the Welfare Approach. This approach can be considered as an extension to the decision-making approaches. The main objective of the welfare approach is to increase social welfare through rational decisions based upon reliable accounting information. Common Accounting Theories Positive Theory The positive theory is mainly explaining existing accounting practices and observed accounting phenomena (Schroeder, Richard et al., 2001). Belkaoui (1992) believes that positive accounting theory is looking into why accounting practices have developed into the way they are today. Then, the positive theory explains or predicts accounting events. Many positive accounting theory supporters are optimistic due to that positive approach is getting more supporters. Belkaoui (1992) noted criticism of positive theory including the point that the theory concept is based on an obsolete philosophy of science and that theories of empirical science do not have positive statements on what is. Normative Theory The normative theory focuses on what should be instead of what is (Belkaoui, 1992). Therefore, it is on the contrary side to positive theory. This theory is based on a set of objectives. It was developed using the deductive approach that uses logic. Normative theory advocates agree on a set of objectives, believing that these objectives are the best for accountants. Then they deduce their hypotheses and principles. Their next step is to apply this theory to real life accounting practices and events. Actually, normative theory will depend on its advocates and the level of harmony they can reach on the agreed set of goals. Although the normative approach is very important in regulating the industry and developing new accounting practices, it may not handle possible future effects caused by new theories that may change accounting practice in the future. Agency Theory Agency theory tries to describe financial statements and their basic accounting theories (Schroeder, Richard et al., 2001). This theory emerged from the relationship that exists between managers and shareholders. Agency theory assumes that individuals always try to increase their own expected utilities. Also, it assumes that they are creative in doing so. This theory is based on the fact that there is an agreed relationship between two parties. The first is the agent (usually the managers of a firm) and the second is the principal or the stakeholders. The principal agrees to let the agent act on his or her behalf. This usually happens because stakeholders are not capable or not trained sufficiently well to handle the firm in the manner that the managers can. An issue arises here which is the conflict of interest. This issue can be solved through several methods that ensure mutual benefit to both sides such as bonuses or a percentage for the agents. One negative point regarding agency theory is that it is based on the assumption that both parties are trying to maximise his own expected utilities. This assumption is not accepted politically or socially. Universally Accepted Accounting Theory From the previous elaboration on accounting theories, it is clear that there are different approaches to develop them. In addition, there is a wide and diverse range of accounting practices all over the world. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) is the standard framework of guidelines for financial accounting used in the United States of America. The obstacle that prevents GAAP becoming the principles on which global accounting theory is developed is that every country has its own standard accounting practice version of GAAP, usually set by a national governing body. Currently, there is no Universally Accepted Accounting Theory. It seems that having such a theory will not occur in the near future. This is due to many factors, including the fact that using different approaches to develop such a theory will result in different theories. Also, establishing international standards is a very tricky process due countries seeking to protect the privacy of their domestic legal and economic matters. In addition, it is difficult to have one theory that satisfies all needs. Of course, it is important to have guidelines to assist users with no accounting knowledge to understand company accounts. Also, there should be similar guidelines for accountants to handle multi-national firms and establishments. Conclusion Although some may argue that there is no need for such a universal theory as we are doing well without it, there is still a need for such a theory even if it is not as perfect as it should be. To sum up, establishing Universally Accepted Accounting Theory can be a very complicated process. This paper discussed the statement: there is no universally accepted accounting theory. It gave a brief historical background and some basic information relating to accounting. It discussed the different approaches used to develop accounting theories, as well as the three common accounting theories. Finally, the essay elaborated on the fact that currently there is no universal global accounting theory. References Belkaoui, A. (1992) 3th edition, Accounting Theory. London: Dryden Press Glautier, M. W. E. and Underdown B. (1991) 4th edition, Accounting Theory and Practice. London: Pitman Publishing Schroeder, R. G. and Clarke, M. W. (1998) 6th edition, Accounting Theory: Text and Readings. London :John Wiley Sons Inc. Schroeder, R., Clark, M. and Cathey, J., (2001) 7th edition, Financial Accounting Theory and Analysis: Text Readings and Cases. London :John Wiley Sons Inc.